TracEnvironment

从 Trac 迁移的文章

这是从旧校内 Wiki 迁移的文章，可能存在一些样式问题，您可以向 memset0 反馈。

原文章内容如下：

= The Trac Environment =

Trac uses a directory structure and a database for storing project data. The directory is referred to as the “environment”.

== Creating an Environment ==

A new Trac environment is created using  [wiki:TracAdmin trac-admin]:
{{{
$ trac-admin /path/to/myproject initenv
}}}

[wiki:TracAdmin trac-admin] will ask you for the name of the project, the
database connection string (explained below), and the type and path to
your source code repository.

''Note: The web server user will require file system write permission to 
the environment directory and all the files inside. Please remember to set
the appropriate permissions. The same applies to the Subversion repository 
Trac is eventually using, although Trac will only require read access as long 
as you're not using the BDB file system. Also, it seems that project names
with spaces can be problematic for authentication (see [trac:#7163]).''

== Database Connection Strings ==

Since version 0.9, Trac supports both [http://sqlite.org/ SQLite] and
[http://www.postgresql.org/ PostgreSQL] database backends.  Preliminary
support for [http://mysql.com/ MySQL] was added in 0.10.  The default is
to use SQLite, which is probably sufficient for most projects. The database
file is then stored in the environment directory, and can easily be 
[wiki:TracBackup backed up] together with the rest of the environment.

=== Embedded SQLite Connection String ===
The connection string for an embedded SQLite database is:
{{{
sqlite:db/trac.db
}}}

=== PostgreSQL Connection String ===
If you want to use PostgreSQL or MySQL instead, you'll have to use a
different connection string. For example, to connect to a PostgreSQL
database on the same machine called `trac`, that allows access to the
user `johndoe` with the password `letmein`, use:
{{{
postgres://johndoe:letmein@localhost/trac
}}}
''Note that due to the way the above string is parsed, the "/" and "@" characters cannot be part of the password.''

If PostgreSQL is running on a non-standard port (for example 9342), use:
{{{
postgres://johndoe:letmein@localhost:9342/trac
}}}

On UNIX, you might want to select a UNIX socket for the transport,
either the default socket as defined by the PGHOST environment variable:
{{{
postgres://user:password@/database
}}}
or a specific one:
{{{
postgres://user:password@/database?host=/path/to/socket/dir
}}}

Note that with PostgreSQL you will have to create the database before running
`trac-admin initenv`.

See the [http://www.postgresql.org/docs/ PostgreSQL documentation] for detailed instructions on how to administer [http://postgresql.org PostgreSQL].
Generally, the following is sufficient to create a database user named `tracuser`, and a database named `trac`.
{{{
createuser -U postgres -E -P tracuser
createdb -U postgres -O tracuser -E UTF8 trac
}}}
When running `createuser` you will be prompted for the password for the user 'tracuser'. This new user will not be a superuser, will not be allowed to create other databases and will not be allowed to create other roles. These privileges are not needed to run a trac instance. If no password is desired for the user, simply remove the `-P` and `-E` options from the `createuser` command.  Also note that the database should be created as UTF8. LATIN1 encoding causes errors trac's use of unicode in trac.  SQL_ASCII also seems to work.

Under some default configurations (debian) one will have run the `createuser` and `createdb` scripts as the `postgres` user.  For example:
{{{
sudo su - postgres -c 'createuser -U postgres -S -D -R -E -P tracuser'
sudo su - postgres -c 'createdb -U postgres -O tracuser -E UTF8 trac'
}}}

Trac uses the `public` schema by default but you can specify a different schema in the connection string:
{{{
postgres://user:pass@server/database?schema=yourschemaname
}}}

=== MySQL Connection String ===

If you want to use MySQL instead, you'll have to use a
different connection string. For example, to connect to a MySQL
database on the same machine called `trac`, that allows access to the
user `johndoe` with the password `letmein`, the mysql connection string is:
{{{
mysql://johndoe:letmein@localhost:3306/trac
}}}

== Source Code Repository ==

You'll first have to provide the ''type'' of your repository (e.g. `svn` for Subversion,
which is the default), then the ''path'' where the repository is located.

If you don't want to use Trac with a source code repository, simply leave the ''path'' empty
(the ''type'' information doesn't matter, then).

For some systems, it is possible to specify not only the path to the repository,
but also a ''scope'' within the repository. Trac will then only show information
related to the files and changesets below that scope. The Subversion backend for
Trac supports this; for other types, check the corresponding plugin's documentation.

Example of a configuration for a Subversion repository:
{{{
[trac]
repository_type = svn
repository_dir = /path/to/your/repository
}}}

The configuration for a scoped Subversion repository would be:
{{{
[trac]
repository_type = svn
repository_dir = /path/to/your/repository/scope/within/repos
}}}

== Directory Structure ==

An environment directory will usually consist of the following files and directories:

 * `README` - Brief description of the environment.
 * `VERSION` - Contains the environment version identifier.
 * `attachments` - Attachments to wiki pages and tickets are stored here.
 * `conf`
   * `trac.ini` - Main configuration file. See TracIni.
 * `db`
   * `trac.db` - The SQLite database (if you're using SQLite).
 * `htdocs` - directory containing web resources, which can be referenced in Genshi templates. '''''(0.11 only)'''''
 * `log` - default directory for log files, if logging is turned on and a relative path is given.
 * `plugins` - Environment-specific [wiki:TracPlugins plugins] (Python eggs, since [milestone:0.10])
 * `templates` - Custom ClearSilver environment-specific templates. '''''(0.10 only)'''''
   * `site_css.cs` - Custom CSS rules.
   * `site_footer.cs` - Custom page footer.
   * `site_header.cs` - Custom page header.
 * `templates` - Custom Genshi environment-specific templates. '''''(0.11 only)'''''
   * `site.html` - method to customize header, footer, and style, described in TracInterfaceCustomization#SiteAppearance
 * `wiki-macros` - Environment-specific [WikiMacros Wiki macros]. '''''(0.10 only)'''''

  '''Note: don't confuse a Trac environment directory with the source code repository directory.
It happens that the above structure is loosely modelled after the Subversion repository directory 
structure, but they are not and ''must not'' be located at the same place.'''

----
See also: TracAdmin, TracBackup, TracIni, TracGuide

The Trac Environment

Trac uses a directory structure and a database for storing project data. The directory is referred to as the “environment”.

Creating an Environment

A new Trac environment is created using trac-admin:

$ trac-admin /path/to/myproject initenv

trac-admin will ask you for the name of the project, the

database connection string (explained below), and the type and path to

your source code repository.

''Note: The web server user will require file system write permission to

the environment directory and all the files inside. Please remember to set

the appropriate permissions. The same applies to the Subversion repository

Trac is eventually using, although Trac will only require read access as long

as you're not using the BDB file system. Also, it seems that project names

with spaces can be problematic for authentication (see [trac:#7163]).''

Database Connection Strings

Since version 0.9, Trac supports both SQLite and

PostgreSQL database backends. Preliminary

support for MySQL was added in 0.10. The default is

to use SQLite, which is probably sufficient for most projects. The database

file is then stored in the environment directory, and can easily be

backed up together with the rest of the environment.

Embedded SQLite Connection String

The connection string for an embedded SQLite database is:

sqlite:db/trac.db

PostgreSQL Connection String

If you want to use PostgreSQL or MySQL instead, you'll have to use a

different connection string. For example, to connect to a PostgreSQL

database on the same machine called trac, that allows access to the

user johndoe with the password letmein, use:

postgres://johndoe:letmein@localhost/trac

Note that due to the way the above string is parsed, the "/" and "@" characters cannot be part of the password.

If PostgreSQL is running on a non-standard port (for example 9342), use:

postgres://johndoe:letmein@localhost:9342/trac

On UNIX, you might want to select a UNIX socket for the transport,

either the default socket as defined by the PGHOST environment variable:

postgres://user:password@/database

or a specific one:

postgres://user:password@/database?host=/path/to/socket/dir

Note that with PostgreSQL you will have to create the database before running

trac-admin initenv.

See the PostgreSQL documentation for detailed instructions on how to administer PostgreSQL.

Generally, the following is sufficient to create a database user named tracuser, and a database named trac.

createuser -U postgres -E -P tracuser
createdb -U postgres -O tracuser -E UTF8 trac

When running createuser you will be prompted for the password for the user 'tracuser'. This new user will not be a superuser, will not be allowed to create other databases and will not be allowed to create other roles. These privileges are not needed to run a trac instance. If no password is desired for the user, simply remove the -P and -E options from the createuser command. Also note that the database should be created as UTF8. LATIN1 encoding causes errors trac's use of unicode in trac. SQL_ASCII also seems to work.

Under some default configurations (debian) one will have run the createuser and createdb scripts as the postgres user. For example:

sudo su - postgres -c 'createuser -U postgres -S -D -R -E -P tracuser'
sudo su - postgres -c 'createdb -U postgres -O tracuser -E UTF8 trac'

Trac uses the public schema by default but you can specify a different schema in the connection string:

postgres://user:pass@server/database?schema=yourschemaname

MySQL Connection String

If you want to use MySQL instead, you'll have to use a

different connection string. For example, to connect to a MySQL

database on the same machine called trac, that allows access to the

user johndoe with the password letmein, the mysql connection string is:

mysql://johndoe:letmein@localhost:3306/trac

Source Code Repository

You'll first have to provide the type of your repository (e.g. svn for Subversion,

which is the default), then the path where the repository is located.

If you don't want to use Trac with a source code repository, simply leave the path empty

(the type information doesn't matter, then).

For some systems, it is possible to specify not only the path to the repository,

but also a scope within the repository. Trac will then only show information

related to the files and changesets below that scope. The Subversion backend for

Trac supports this; for other types, check the corresponding plugin's documentation.

Example of a configuration for a Subversion repository:

[trac]
repository_type = svn
repository_dir = /path/to/your/repository

The configuration for a scoped Subversion repository would be:

[trac]
repository_type = svn
repository_dir = /path/to/your/repository/scope/within/repos

Directory Structure

An environment directory will usually consist of the following files and directories:

  • README - Brief description of the environment.
  • VERSION - Contains the environment version identifier.
  • attachments - Attachments to wiki pages and tickets are stored here.
  • conf
    • trac.ini - Main configuration file. See TracIni.
  • db
    • trac.db - The SQLite database (if you're using SQLite).
  • htdocs - directory containing web resources, which can be referenced in Genshi templates. (0.11 only)
  • log - default directory for log files, if logging is turned on and a relative path is given.
  • plugins - Environment-specific plugins (Python eggs, since [milestone:0.10])
  • templates - Custom ClearSilver environment-specific templates. (0.10 only)
    • site_css.cs - Custom CSS rules.
    • site_footer.cs - Custom page footer.
    • site_header.cs - Custom page header.
  • templates - Custom Genshi environment-specific templates. (0.11 only)
    • site.html - method to customize header, footer, and style, described in TracInterfaceCustomization#SiteAppearance
  • wiki-macros - Environment-specific [WikiMacros Wiki macros]. (0.10 only)

'''Note: don't confuse a Trac environment directory with the source code repository directory.

It happens that the above structure is loosely modelled after the Subversion repository directory

structure, but they are not and must not be located at the same place.'''

See also: TracAdmin, TracBackup, TracIni, TracGuide